Definitions

Landslide:

A landslide is when a large amount of rock, soil, and other debris suddenly slides down a slope or hillside due to gravity.

Toe berm:

A toe berm is pile of dirt or other materials placed at the bottom of a slope to stabilize it and prevent erosion and/or landslides.

Shear key:

A shear key is a construction element designed to prevent landslides by reinforcing slope. It is a notch or groove filled with concrete or another strong material (hard angular rock will be used for this project), and it interlocks with the soil or rock. This creates resistance to sliding forces, providing stability and preventing the movement of earth that can lead to landslides.

Jack-and-bore culvert:

This is a method used to install pipes or culverts (large drainage pipes) underground without disturbing the surface. A machine "jacks" (pushes) a casing pipe through the ground, while an auger (a drilling tool) bores (drills) out the soil inside the pipe.

Heaving:

Heaving refers to the upward movement of the ground, which can contribute to landslides. This occurs due to forces like frost, moisture changes, or expanding soils. When the ground heaves, it can destabilize slopes and lead to cracks or shifts in the earth, making the area more susceptible to landslides.